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We human beings find it very easy to live life as if we will be here forever. We occasionally come face to face with death when a friend or loved one passes away. But the essence of daily living is such that it is easy to ignore the reality of death and the certainty of existence beyond the grave. It is essential that we go to the Bible and find out what will happen to each one of us one second after death.
The Bible teaches that human beings are composite creatures. We possess a fleshly body that is composed of physical elements made from “the dust of the ground” (Genesis 2:7). This physical body is animated by a life force or life principle that we share in common with the animal kingdom (although, in the Genesis creation account, a distinction seems to be made between animals and man in the direct source of this life principle Genesis 1:20-21,24; 2:7). In any case, the Scriptures also teach that human beings are unlike the animals in that humans also possess a spiritual dimension that transcends the body and physical life on Earth.
God places within each prenatal person at conception a spirit that makes each individual a unique personality. Zechariah 12:1 observed that God “forms the spirit of man within him.” Our spirits are what makes each one of us a distinct entity, a person that will survive physical death and live on immortally throughout eternity.
A number of Hebrew and Greek words are used in the Bible to identify various facets of our beings (e.g., nephesh, ruach, neshamah, leb, and basar in the Old Testament and psuche, pneuma, nous, soma, and sarx in the New Testament). These words are somewhat fluid, and are used in a variety of ways sometimes interchangeably, sometimes in contradistinction to each other.
They are translated by many different English words (e.g., “soul,” “spirit,” “breath,” “wind,” “heart,” “mind,” “self,” “body,” “flesh,” et al.). It is a mistake to seize upon a passage where “soul” refers to the entirety of a person’s being and conclude that man does not possess a spirit that is distinct from his animated body. Some religious thinkers tend to limit the Hebrew word ruach (soul or spirit) to an impersonal vital power that becomes individualized only in the nephesh (whole person). Thus, it is claimed that the soul or spirit cannot exist independently of the body, so that when the “life force” exits the body, the person ceases to exist.
But, by avoiding human philosophies and focusing solely upon the Bible, we learn that each person possesses a conscious spirit that ultimately leaves the body and exists separately from it in the spirit realm. For example, Genesis 35:18 states: “[I]t came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she died).” The author of the book of 1 Kings wrote that Elijah prayed, “let this child’s soul come into him again…and the soul of the child came into him again, and he revived” (17:21-22). Psalm 86:13 says, “You have delivered my soul from the depths of Sheol.” The term sheol refers to the entire realm of the dead, where both the saved and the lost await Judgment.1
The Bible defines “death” as “separation”—not “extinction.” 2 Physical death occurs when the spirit exits the body. James 2:26 notes: “[F]or as the body without the spirit is dead.” In other words, the separation of one’s spirit from one’s body results in physical death. Spiritual death, on the other hand, entails separation from God due to sin (Isaiah 59:2). So “death” involves the idea of separation—not extinction or unconsciousness.
A clear depiction of existence beyond death is seen in Luke 16:19-31. Some argue that this section of Scripture is a parable, which is incorrect since the story does not contain the usual indicators of parabolic discourse. However, even if the passage were a parable, a parable is not a fairy tale. Bible parables parallel true-life situations to teach a basic lesson of truth. They draw from reality and that which people understand as actual earthly existence and genuine conditions in order to drive home a spiritual point. After reading Luke 16:19-31, observe the following textual details:
- Both men are said to have died.
- Wherever Lazarus went, angels were used to transport him there.
- The rich man was buried.
- The rich man was in hades.
- The rich man was being tormented in flames.
- The rich man could see and recognize Lazarus and Abraham.
- Abraham referred to the rich man’s former existence as “your lifetime.”
- Abraham made clear that their respective locations were irreversible.
- The rich man’s brothers were still occupying his father’s house on Earth.
- The Law of Moses was still in effect.
- The rich man’s plea to send Lazarus to his living relatives would require Lazarus to return “from the dead” (vs. 30) and to “rise from the dead” (vs. 31).
The term translated “hell” in Luke 16:23 in the KJV is the Greek word hades, and is not to be confused with the word gehenna. “Gehenna” is found 12 times in the New Testament, and refers to the place of eternal, everlasting punishment—the “lake of fire” where Satan, his angels, and all wicked people will be consigned after the Second Coming of Jesus and the Judgment (Matthew 25:41; Rev. 20:15). So gehenna is hell. “Hades,” on the other hand, occurs 10 times in the New Testament, and always refers to the unseen realm of the dead—the receptacle of disembodied spirits where all people who die await the Lord’s return. At that time, our spirits will be reunited with our resurrection bodies (1 Corinthians 15:35-54).
Luke 16 shows us that hades contains two regions. One is referred to as the “bosom of Abraham” (which simply means “near” or “in the presence of ” Abraham—cf. John 1:18). The other region in hades is described as tormenting flame. Every other passage in the New Testament that refers to hades harmonizes with this description of the intermediate realm of the dead where the deceased await the resurrection and judgment.
For example, while fastened to the cross, Jesus told the thief, “Today, you will be with Me in Paradise” (Luke 23:43). The word paradise is of Persian derivation, and means a “garden” or “park.” Where was it that Jesus and the thief went on that very day? Certainly not to extinction. Extinction would not be “paradise”! Nor did they go to the grave together. The thief was not placed in the tomb with Jesus, and the tomb certainly would not be a “paradise.” Nor did Jesus go to heaven, for in John 20:17 after His resurrection, Jesus reassured Mary that He had not yet ascended to the Father. So where is “paradise”? Where did Jesus and the thief go after dying on the cross? Where had Jesus been for those three days between His death and resurrection?
Peter gave the answer to that question in his sermon in Acts 2 when he quoted Psalm 16. Acts 2:27 states that God would not abandon Christ’s soul in hades nor allow Christ to undergo decay. So while Christ’s body was placed in a tomb for three days, Christ’s spirit went to hades. Peter argued that David, who penned the 16th Psalm, was not referring to himself. How do we know? David’s body was still in the tomb (Acts 2:29). David’s spirit was still in the hadean realm because Peter also said that David had not yet ascended into heaven (Acts 2:34). Acts 2, by itself, proves that a person does not go straight to heaven or hell when he dies, and that a person does not become extinct, cease to exist, or pass into a state of unconsciousness at death.
Jesus previously predicted that His death and entrance into the hadean realm would not prevent Him from accomplishing His divine purposes. Matthew 16:18 reads: “Upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it.” In other words, though He would die on the cross, though His body would be placed in the tomb, and though His spirit would descend into hades, nevertheless, the gates of hades would not prevent Him from coming back out of hades (i.e., being resurrected) and then setting up the kingdom a few days later in Acts 2. At that time, Peter and the apostles employed the “keys of the kingdom” (Matthew 16:19) with the help of the Holy Spirit sent by Jesus (Acts 2:33).
It was through Jesus’ death and subsequent departure from hades that Jesus rendered powerless “him who had the power of death, that is, the devil” (Hebrews 2:14; cf. 1 Corinthians 15:26,54-57). Jesus’ personal victory over death and the hadean realm explains why He could declare in Revelation 1:18—“I am He who lives; and was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore. Amen. And I have the keys of hades and of death.”
While Jesus, the thief, and Lazarus went to the paradise portion of hades, the rich man went to the unpleasant area which included torment and flame. This undoubtedly is the same region of hades, referred to in 2 Peter 2:4, where angels who sinned were committed by God.3 The term that Peter used was tartarosas, or Tartarus, and is described as “chains of darkness” where they are “reserved for judgment.” The parallel in Jude 6 speaks of these angels as having abandoned their proper place and having failed to keep their own domain. They are depicted as existing in “everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.” The Greek term refers to “that part of Hades, where the wicked were confined and tormented,”4 “the abode of the damned.”5 This realm is undoubtedly where the rebellious Israelites went (Isaiah 5:14) as well as the king of Babylon (Isaiah 14:9-15).
The Hebrew word for this specific area of hades is abaddon.6 Its root meaning carries the idea of “destruction”7 but, specifically, refers to the “place of destruction,”8 the “underworld,”9 the “place of ruin in Sheol for lost or ruined dead,”10 “the place of torment,”11 “abyss,”12 “the abysmal abode of the departed,”13 “the world of the dead in its utterly dismal, destructive, dreadful aspects.”14 The word occurs six times in the Old Testament and is usually rendered “Destruction” in English translations. Indicators that it refers to the same area in hades as Tartarus may be seen in the psalmist’s query: “Shall Your lovingkindness be declared in the grave? Or Your faithfulness in the place of destruction?” (Psalm 88:11). The implication is that in the Tartarus/Abaddon portion of hades, God’s lovingkindness and faithfulness, i.e., acceptance and salvation, are absent—unlike the paradise portion of hades.
Another indicator is seen in Job’s denial of the accusation of his “friends” that he had been guilty of sin, insisting, “For that would be wickedness; Yes, it would be iniquity deserving of judgment. For that would be a fire that consumes to destruction, and would root out all my increase” (Job 31:11-12).15 While a number of translations render the word “destruction,” many simply transliterate the word “Abaddon”—indicating the place where God’s fire of judgment is currently directed. The NASB has: “For it would be fire that consumes to Abaddon, and would uproot all my increase.” The CEB renders the word “underworld” while the Complete Jewish Bible has, “a fire that would burn to the depths of Abaddon, uprooting all I produce.” This region of the hadean realm must also be in view in Moses’ allusion to the anger of God which kindles fire that “shall burn to the lowest part of Sheol” (Deuteronomy 32:22)—sheol being the general Hebrew equivalent of the Greek hades.16
Interestingly, the New Testament transliterates the Hebrew term abaddon in Revelation 9:11, associating the term with the Greek equivalent apollyon, linking the terms to the angel of the bottomless pit. In keeping with the figurative nature of apocalyptic language, the place name is affixed to an angelic being who is depicted as the angel of the underworld, the king or ruler reigning over Abaddon, the realm of the dead.17 Swete notes that the figure depicts Destruction personified, which occurs in Sheol.18
Notice what will happen to this intermediate receptacle of spirits. In Revelation 20, beginning in verse 11, we are presented with a portrait of the final Judgment before the great white throne of God. Everyone who has ever lived will be there. Verse 13 says that “death and hades” will be cast into the lake of fire. That means that hades will be cast into hell. The unseen realm of the dead, where conscious spirits reside until judgment, will have served its purpose, and all people who have ever lived will then be consigned to one of two places: heaven or hell.
“For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that each one may receive the things done in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad” (2 Corinthians 5:10). “[I]t is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27). “Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice and come forth—those who have done good, to the resurrection of life; and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation” (John 5:28-29). Paul referred to the occasion “when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on those who do not know God, and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. These shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power” (2 Thessalonians 1:7-9).
Look carefully at the word “everlasting.” Does the human spirit exist beyond physical death and the grave in a conscious state? Or, at death, does the soul cease to exist in a state of “soul sleep”? Does a person’s consciousness become extinct? Is the soul annihilated at death? The Sadducees denied the existence of the spirit realm. According to Acts 23:8, they denied the immortality of the soul, believing in “neither angel nor spirit.” Josephus stated that the Sadducees believed that “souls die with the bodies.”19 There are religious groups today who teach the same thing.
In Luke 20, Jesus showed the fallacy of such thinking by showing that when Moses was at the burning bush in Exodus 3, God declared Himself to be the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. At the time God made that statement, the bodies of those three patriarchs had been in the grave for hundreds of years. Yet Jesus concluded: “For He is not the God of the dead but of the living” (Luke 20:38). That proves that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—though separated from their physical bodies—were still in existence. They were not extinct. They would one day be reunited with their new bodies in the resurrection (I Cor. 15:35-54).
Many other passages indicate the perpetuation of conscious spiritual life beyond physical death. Revelation 6:9-11 speaks of the souls of those who had been martyred for the Christian cause. They are depicted as spirits—not bodies—who are conscious, who are aware of the means by which they were killed, and who knew that their blood had not yet been avenged.
In 2 Corinthians 12:2-4, Paul described an experience that he, or someone he knew, had in the “third heaven.” The “third heaven” in scriptural thought is the spirit realm where God and other celestial beings reside (Deuteronomy 10:14; 26:15; 1 Kings 8:27,30). It often is referred to as the “heaven of heavens”—a Semitism wherein the genitive is used for the superlative degree—meaning the highest or ultimate heaven (cf. “Song of songs,” “King of kings,” “Lord of lords”). The “first heaven” is the Earth’s atmosphere—the “sky”—where the birds fly (Genesis 1:20; 8:2; Isaiah 55:10; Luke 13:19). The “second heaven” is “outer space”—where the Sun, Moon, and stars are situated (Genesis 15:5; 22:17; Deuteronomy 4:19; Nahum 3:16). Twice Paul stated that he was not certain whether the person described was “in the body, or out of the body” (vss. 2-3). That proves that Paul acknowledged the possibility of the spirit of a human being existing in a conscious state apart from the body. To say that the spirit ceases to exist at death makes Paul imply what is not true.
Both accounts, of the rich man and Lazarus in Luke 16, and the thief on the cross in Luke 23:43, prove that conscious existence continues after the death of the body. Hebrews 12:23 speaks of “the spirits of just men made perfect”—a reference to deceased saints who remained faithful to God during their life on Earth, but who had since passed into the spirit realm. That passage makes no sense if “spirits” refers to the wind or breath of a person. These people were like Stephen in Acts 7:59 who, as life was being stoned from his body, said to the Lord whom he could see in the heavens: “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.” If “spirit” is simply the life force of the body that goes extinct the moment it no longer animates the body, then Stephen was speaking out of ignorance to think that he had a spirit that could be received by Jesus.
The Bible frequently speaks of the ultimate state of both the good and the wicked as being “eternal.” For example, read Hebrews 6:2 which speaks of “eternal judgment,” or 2 Thessalonians 1:9 which speaks of “eternal destruction,” or Revelation 20:10 where Satan will be cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, and tormented there “day and night forever and ever.” Jude 7 speaks of those who will suffer “the vengeance (punishment) of eternal fire.”
Matthew 18:8-9 identifies the fire of hell (gehenna) as “everlasting fire.” The parallel passage in Mark 9:43 states that this fire “shall never be quenched.” Mark 9:48 states that hell is a place “where their worm does not die and the fire is not quenched.” The image is taken from Isaiah 66:24, and is unquestionably intended to make the point that the fire of hell will be unquenchable—always burning, yet never consuming.
In His description of the final Judgment in Matthew 25:46, Jesus used the same word aionion (“eternal”) to refer to the respective conditions of both the good and evil people who inhabited the Earth. If eternal punishment is not “eternal,” then life eternal is not “eternal” either. The word “punishment” clearly implies pain that is inflicted. Listen to Peter, who said, “The Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptation, and to keep the unrighteous under punishment for the day of judgment” (2 Peter 2:9). The same word is used to refer to the punishment that the apostles narrowly avoided in Acts 4:21.
Some say the word “destroy” (or “destruction”) means “annihilation” (or “extinction”). They go to a passage like Matthew 10:28 where Jesus said, “And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.” They insist that “destroy” in this passage means “annihilation.” But that cannot be. For if physical death inflicted by one’s fellowman brings extinction and unconsciousness of the soul, what is there to fear from God? Why would Jesus say there is no need to fear other people—who can take your physical life? For in taking your physical life, they also would cause your soul to be annihilated, in which case they have as much power as God, and the comparison that Jesus makes is no comparison at all. If the soul dies with the body, then he who kills the body kills the soul, too.
The parallel passage in Luke 12:4-5 makes this point even clearer. Luke wrote: “Do not be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He hath killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him!” If physical death brings annihilation of the soul, then it is ridiculous to speak of casting the soul into hell after killing the body.
In addition, the Greek term that underlies our English word “destroy” does not mean “annihilation.” W.E. Vine, in his Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, explained: “The idea is not extinction but ruin, loss, not of being, but of well-being.”20 He cited Matthew 10:28 as an example, as well as John 17:12 where Judas, who had not yet hung himself, was called the “son of perdition.” Obviously, Judas was not extinct or annihilated. But he was destroyed in the sense that he lost spiritual well-being. He had perished spiritually.
Lexicographer Joseph Thayer agreed with this assessment when he said that “destroy” in Matthew 10:28 means “to devote or give over to eternal misery.”21 Albrecht Oepke commented on the meaning of destroy: “definitive destruction, not merely in the sense of extinction of physical existence, but rather of an eternal plunge into Hades.”22
What must be concluded from these passages of Scripture? God gives people this life on Earth to prepare their spirits for their eternal abode. When a person dies, his or her body goes into the grave, while the conscious spirit enters the hadean realm to await the final Judgment. At the Second Coming of Christ, all spirits will come forth from hades and be resurrected in immortal bodies. All will then face God in judgment, receive the pronouncement of eternal sentence, and then be consigned to heaven or hell for eternity. Read carefully the inspired words of the apostle Peter:
Therefore, since all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? …You therefore, beloved, since you know these things beforehand, beware lest you also fall from your own steadfastness, being lead away with the error of the wicked; but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To Him be the glory both now and forever. Amen” (2 Peter 3:11-12,17-18). שּׁאוֹﬥ
Endnotes
1 G. Gerleman (1997), “שּׁאוֹﬥ Realm of the Dead,” Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament, ed. Ernst Jenni and Claus Westermann (Hendrickson), 3:1279-1282; H. Buis (1976), “Sheol,” The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Regency), 5:395. Walter Elwell, ed. (1988), Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan), 2:1948-1949.
2 J.W. Fradersdorff (1875), “Death,” A Copious Phraseological English-Greek Lexicon (London: Rivingtons), p. 141—“death is the separation of the soul from the body”; E.A. Sophocles (1914), “Thanatos,” Greek Lexicon of the Roman & Byzantine Periods (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), p. 569—“the separation of the yuxh\ from the sw=ma.” W.E. Vine (1966), Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming Revell), p. 276—“the separation of the soul (the spiritual part of man) from the body (the material part).”
3 Cf. Reese who argues that Tartarus is a separate and distinct realm where only supernatural beings (angels and demons) are confined and thus not to be equated with the “torment” side of hades—where only wicked humans are confined—Gareth Reese (1976), A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Acts (Joplin, MO: College Press), pp. 137-140. The fact that 2 Peter 2:4 mentions only the wicked angels as being confined to Tartarus does not prove that they are the only beings there, or that no humans are there, or that it is not the same place as the section within hades where the rich man is. The same is true for the word “abyss”; The relevant verses harmonize with the idea that “abyss,” “abaddon,” and “tartarus” are the same place as depicted in Luke 16.
4 Wesley Perschbacher (1990), The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson), p. 402; Thomas Green (1890), A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament (New York: John Wiley & Sons), p. 185. “A Greek name for the underworld, especially the abode of the damned”—G. Abbott-Smith (1922), A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons), p. 440. Also
5 G. Abbott-Smith (1922), A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons), p. 440.
6 The Hebrew term bor (“pit”) also sometimes refers to the Tartarus/Abaddon side of hades, e.g., Psalm 28:1; 88:4,6; Isaiah 14:15; 38:18; Ezekiel 26:20; 31:14; 32:18.
7 John Parkhurst (1799), An Hebrew and English Lexicon (London: F. Davis), p. 2.
8 Benedikt Otzen (1977), “abhadh,” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), 1:23. Also Benjamin Davidson (1848), The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan), p. 11; “Abaddon” (1988), Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. Walter Elwell (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), 1:4; John M’Clintock and James Strong (1968 reprint), Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), 1:3.
9 L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, M.E.J. Richardson, & J.J. Stamm (2000), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, electronic ed.), p. 3. Also Eugene Merrill (1997), /oDb^a&, New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis, ed. Willem VanGemeren (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan), 1:226; Otzen, 1:23.
10 F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs (1907), The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson), p. 2; “[T]he nethermost of the two regions into which [the Rabbins] divided the underworld”—M’Clintock and Strong, 1:3; “[T]he place or condition of utter ruin reserved for the wicked in Sheol (the realm or abode of the dead)”—K.L. Barker (1976), “Abaddon,” The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. Merrill Tenney (Grand Rapids, MI: Regency), 1:?.
11 William Wallace Duncan (1841), A New Hebrew & English Lexicon (London: Thomas Tegg), p. 1.
12 Davidson, p. 11.
13 R.K. Harrison (1969), Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), p. 1020.
14 W.J. Beecher (1979), “Abaddon,” in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Geoffrey Bromiley (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), 1:2.
15 Notice that Job apparently did not view Abaddon as only for angels/demons and not for humans since he associated its burning with what he would deserve (if he were guilty as his “friends” claimed).
16 Another Hebrew term in the Old Testament that refers to the overall realm of Sheol is shachath (Psalm 16:10; 30:9; Isaiah 38:17; Jonah 2:6). Due to the nature of the spiritual realm, more narrow terms—like “Paradise,” “Abaddon,” “Tartarus,” and “Abyss” can be used to refer to the broader term “Hades” and vice-versa. See also William Holladay (1988), A Concise Hebrew & Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill), p. 1—“realm of the dead.”
17 Beecher, 1:2; Joachim Jeremias (1964), )Abaddwvn, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), 1:4; A. Oepke (1964), a)povllumi, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), 1:394-396; Elwell, 1:4; Koehler, et al., p. 3; J.W. Roberts (1974), The Revelation to John (The Apocalypse) (Austin, TX: Swete), p. 81—“a Hebrew term for Sheol, the region of the dead.”
18 H.B. Swete (1906), The Apocalypse of St. John (London: Macmillan), p. 117.
19 Flavius Josephus (1974 reprint), “Antiquities of the Jews,” The Works of Flavius Josephus, trans. William Whiston (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), XVIII.I.4, p.3.
20 W.E. Vine (1966 reprint), An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell), p. 302.
21 J.H. Thayer (1901), A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1977 reprint), (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan), p. 64; “eternal death”—Frederick Danker (2000), A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 116.
22 Oepke, 1:396.
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